The Migrations
The success of this policy was seen during the American War of Independence (1775-83) and the Anglo-American War of 1812. The Canadiens refused to volunteer for the armed forces of the Crown, but equally they failed to respond to the appeals of the Americans - no doubt calculating that their survival as a distinctive cultural group was more likely under the British than in an English-speaking United States. In the immediate aftermath of the American War of Independence, the population of what was left of British North America expanded rapidly, both in "Canada" - which then covered the present-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario - and in the separate colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. The first large wave of migration came from the United States as 40,000 United Empire Loyalists made their way north to stay within British jurisdiction. Of these, all but 8000 moved to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the rest going to the western edge of Quebec, where they laid the foundations of the future province of Ontario. Between 1783 and 1812 the population of Canada, as defined at the time, trebled to 330,000, with a large part of the increase being the product of revanche du berceau (revenge of the cradle) - an attempt, encouraged by the Catholic clergy, to outbreed the ever-increasing English-speaking population. However, tensions between Britain and the United States still deterred potential colonists, a problem resolved by the War of 1812 . Neither side was strong enough to win, but by the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 the Americans recognized the legitimacy of British North America, whose border was established along the 49th parallel west from Lake of the Woods to the Rockies. Immigration now boomed, especially in the 1840s, when economic crises and shortages in Great Britain, as well as the Irish famine, pushed it up to levels that not even the fertile Canadiens could match. Between 1815 and 1850, over 800,000 immigrants poured into British North America. Most headed for "Upper Canada", later called Ontario, which received 66,000 in the year of 1832 alone. Frenetically the surveyors charted new townships, but could not keep pace with demand. The result was that many native peoples were dispossessed in direct contravention of the 1763 proclamation. By 1806 the region's native peoples had lost 4.5 million acres
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