The Rise Of The British
In 1670 Charles II of England had established the Hudson's Bay Company and given it control of a million and a half square miles adjacent to its namesake bay, a territory named Rupert's Land, after the king's uncle. Four years later the British captured the Dutch possessions of the Hudson River Valley - thereby trapping New France. Slowly the British closed the net: in 1713, they took control of Acadia, renaming it Nova Scotia (New Scotland), and in 1755 they deported its French-speaking farmers. When the Seven Years War broke out in 1756, the French attempted to outflank the British by using the Great Lakes route to occupy the area to the west of the British colonies and then, with the help of their native allies, pin them to the coast. In the event the British won the war by exploiting their naval superiority: a large force under the command of General James Wolfe sailed up the St Lawrence in 1759 and, against all expectations, successfully scaled the Heights of Abraham to capture Quebec City. Montreal fell a few months later - and at that point the French North American empire was effectively finished, though they held onto Louisiana until Napoleon sold it off in 1803. For the native peoples the ending of the Anglo-French conflict was a mixed blessing. If the war had turned the tribes into sought-after allies, it had also destroyed the traditional inter-tribal balance of power and subordinated native to European interests. A recognition of the change wrought by the end of the war inspired the uprising of the Ottawas in 1763, when Pontiac , their chief, led an unsuccessful assault on Detroit, hoping to restore the French position and halt the progress of the English settlers. Moved largely by a desire for a stable economy, the response of the British Crown was to issue a proclamation which confirmed the legal right of the natives to their lands and set aside the territory to the west of the Appalachian Mountains and the Great Lakes as " Indian Territory ". Although colonial governors were given instructions to remove trespassers on "Indian Land", in reality the proclamation had little practical effect until the twentieth century, when it became a cornerstone of the native peoples' attempts to seek compensation for the illegal confiscation of their land. The other great problem the British faced in the 1760s was how to deal with the French-speaking Canadiens of the defunct New France - the term Canadiens used to distinguish local settlers from those born in France, most of whom left the colony after the British conquest. Initially the British government hoped to anglicize the province, swamping the French-speaking population with English-speaking Protestants. In the event large-scale migration failed to materialize immediately, and the second English governor of Quebec, Sir Guy Carleton , realized that - as discontent grew in the American colonies - the loyalty of the Canadiens was of vital importance. Carleton's plan to achieve this was embodied in the 1774 Quebec Act , which made a number of concessions to the region's French speakers: Catholics were permitted to hold civil appointments, the seigneurial system was maintained, and the Roman Catholic Church allowed to collect tithes. Remarkably, all these concessions were made at a time when Catholics in Britain were not politically emancipated.
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