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Languedoc is more an idea than a geographical entity. The modern region covers only a fraction of the lands where Occitan or the langue d'oc - the language of oc , the southern Gallo-Latin word for oui - once dominated. These stretched south from Bordeaux and Lyon into Spain and northwest Italy. The heartland today is the Bas Languedoc - the coastal plain and dry, stony, vine-growing hills between Carcassonne and Nimes. It is here that the Occitan movement has its power base, demanding recognition of its linguistic and cultural distinctiveness. A good part of its appeal derives from resentment of political domination by remote and alien Paris, aggravated by the area's traditional poverty. In recent times this has been focused on Parisian determination to drag the province into the twentieth century, with massive tourist development on the coast and the drastic transformation of the cheap wine industry. But it is also mixed up in a vague collective folk memory with the brutal repression of the Protestant Huguenots around 1700, the thirteenth-century massacres of the Cathars and the subsequent obliteration of the brilliant langue d'oc troubadour tradition. It is a hostility that has made an essentially rural and conservative population vote - paradoxically - for the Left. Although a sense of Occitan identity remains strong in the region, it has very little currency as a spoken or literary language, despite the popularity of university-level language courses and the foundation of Occitan-speaking elementary schools. Toulouse , the cultural capital, though included in this section of the website, lies outside the modern region but is a deserved high spot among numerous and various other attractions. There are great stretches of dramatic landscape and river gorges, from the Cevennes foothills in the east to the Montagne Noire and Corbieres hills in the west. There's superb ecclesiastical architecture in Albi and St-Guilhem-le-Desert , medieval towns at Cordes and Carcassonne , and the unforgettably romantic Cathar castles to the south. Nimes has extensive Roman remains, and there are great swathes of beach where - away from the major resorts - you can still find a kilometre or two to yourself.
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