The Seventeenth Century
In the seventeenth century , Italy continued to be a source of inspiration for French artists, most of whom were drawn to Rome - at that time the most exciting artistic centre in Europe. There, two Italian artists, especially, dominated the scene in the first decade of the century: Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio and Annibale Carracci. Caravaggio (1571-1610) often chose lowlife subjects and treated them with remarkable realism, a realism that he extended to traditional religious subject matter and that he enhanced by using a strong, harsh lighting technique. Although he had to flee Rome in great haste under sentence for murder in 1606, Caravaggio had already had a profound effect on the art of the age, both in terms of subjects and in his uncompromising use of realism. Some French painters like Moise Valentin (c1594-1632) worked in Rome and were directly influenced by Caravaggio; others, such as the great painter from Lorraine, Georges de la Tour (1593-1652), benefited from his innovations at one remove, gaining inspiration from the Utrecht Caravaggisti who were active at the time in Holland. Starting with a descriptive realism in which naturalistic detail made for a varied painted surface, La Tour gradually simplified both forms and surfaces, producing deeply felt religious paintings in which figures appear to be carved out of the surrounding gloom by the magical light of a candle. Sadly, his output was very small - just some forty or so works in all. Lowlife subjects and attention to naturalistic detail were also important aspects of the work of the Le Nain brothers , especially Louis (1593-1648), who depicted with great sympathy, but never with sentimentality, the condition of the peasantry. He chose moments of inactivity or repose within the lives of the peasants, and his paintings achieve timelessness and monumentality by their very stillness. The other Italian artist of influence, the Bolognese Annibale Carracci (d. 1609), impressed French painters not only with his skill as a decorator but, more tellingly, with his ordered, balanced landscapes, which were to prove of prime importance for the development of the classical landscape in general, and in particular for those painted by Claude Lorrain (1604/5-82). Claude, who started work as a pastry cook, was born in Lorraine, near Nancy. He left France for Italy to practise his trade, and worked in the household of a landscape painter in Rome, somehow persuading his master, who painted landscapes in the classical manner of Carracci, to let him abandon pastry for painting. Later he travelled to Naples, where the beauty of the harbour and bay made a lasting impression on him, the golden light of the southern port, and of Rome and its surrounding countryside, providing him with endless subjects of study which he drew, sketched and painted for the rest of his life. Claude's landscapes are airy compositions in which religious or mythological figures are lost within an idealized, Arcadian nature, bathed in a luminous, transparent light which, golden or silvery, lends a tranquil mood. Landscapes, harsher and even more ordered, but also recalling the Arcadian mood of antiquity, were painted by the other French painter who elected to make Rome his home, Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665). Like Claude, Poussin selected his themes from the rich sources of Greek, Roman and Christian myths and stories; unlike Claude, however, his figures are not subdued by nature but rather dominate it, in the tradition of the masters of the High Renaissance, such as Raphael and Titian, whom he greatly admired. During the working out of a painting Poussin would make small models, arrange them on an improvised stage and then sketch the puppet scene - which may explain why his figures often have a still, frozen quality. Poussin only briefly returned to Paris, called by the king, Louis XIII, to undertake some large decorative works quite unsuited to his style or character. Back in Rome he refined a style that became increasingly classical and severe. Many other artists visited Italy, but most returned to France, the luckiest to be employed at the court to boost the royal images of Louis XIII and XIV and the egos of their respective ministers, Richelieu and Colbert. Simon Vouet (1590-1649), Charles Le Brun (1619-90) and Pierre Mignard (1612-95) all performed that task with skill, often using ancient history and mythology to suggest flattering comparisons with the reigning monarch. The official aspect of their works was paralleled by the creation of the new Academy of Painting and Sculpture in 1648, an institution that dominated the arts in France for the next few hundred years, if only by the way artists reacted against it. Philippe de Champaigne (1602-74), a painter of Flemish origin, alone stands out at the time as remotely different, removed from the intrigues and pleasures of the court and instead strongly influenced by the teaching and moral code of Jansenism, a purist and severe form of the Catholic faith. The apparent simplicity and starkness of his portraits hides an unusually perceptive understanding of his sitters' personalities. But it was the more courtly, fun-loving portraits and paintings by such artists as Mignard that were to influence most of the art of the following century.
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