The Reformation To The Thirty Years'' War
The wealthy and corrupt Catholic church was already unpopular in Denmark, and in 1534, in the wake of increasing religious discontent, the country burst into civil war . Peasant uprisings spread across the country, and the Hanseatic city of Lubeck sent mercenaries to Copenhagen, where they sided with the city's anti-clerical merchants. A year-long siege of the city followed: Copenhagen's defensive ramparts held up, but many of its citizens starved to death or died during the epidemics that ravaged the city. Copenhagen finally surrendered in the summer of 1536, signalling the end of the civil war. After the dust had settled, the nobles found themselves back in control, but obliged to accept religious reform. In 1536, Lutheranism became the official state religion. Following the travails of the Reformation, Copenhagen experienced a period of relative peace and prosperity. The city was now home to the Danish navy - during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the largest in northern Europe - and revenue from the Sound Toll provided a continuous source of income for Danish coffers. It was in this atmosphere of wealth and stability that Christian IV , known as the "Great Builder", became king. Ruling from 1588 (when he was 10) until 1648, he became the Danish monarch who made the most lasting contribution to Copenhagen's skyline, ordering the creation of buildings including the Rundetarn, Børsen and Rosenborg Slot, along with the district of Nyboder and the fortress of Kastellet. In addition, he almost doubled the city's size by moving the defensive fortifications outwards to include Frederikstad and Nyboder to the north and the newly reclaimed island of Christianshavn to the east. Unfortunately, Christian IV's architectural vision was not matched by his political skill. As Denmark's arch-rival Sweden became increasingly powerful, Danish military prowess steadily declined. In 1625, Christian IV took Denmark into the disastrous Thirty Years' War - by 1657, at the conclusion of hostilities, the west coast of the Oresund (the province of Skane) was lost to Sweden, splitting the Sound down the middle.
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