The Kalmar Union
Despite the temporary loss of its castle, however, Copenhagen's fortunes continued to prosper. In 1397, Margrete I , one of Denmark's shrewdest rulers, formed the Kalmar Union, creating an alliance between Denmark, Norway and Sweden aimed at countering the Hanseatic League's influence on regional trade - the union was largely administered from, and dominated by, Copenhagen. A new fort to replace Absalon's dismantled castle was completed in 1417, and made the seat of Danish rule and residence of the royal family by Magarethe's grandson, Erik of Pomerania. Erik also ensured Copenhagen's further growth by imposing the Sound Toll tax on all vessels passing through the Oresund, an endless source of revenue which would underpin Copenhagen's fortunes for the next four centuries. Revenues from the toll allowed an increasingly self-confident Copenhagen to seize growing amounts of trade from the declining ports of the Hanseatic League and to establish itself as the Baltic's principal harbour. In 1443, Copenhagen was made the capital of Denmark by Erik's son, Christoffer III of Bavaria, decisively shifting the national balance of power away from the former capital and ecclesiastical centre of Roskilde. Thirty years later, the first university in Scandinavia was founded in Copenhagen by Christian I, helping to establish the city as the nation's cultural as well as administrative hub. At the same time, Kronborg Slot , just north of Copenhagen at Helsingør was built to control the Oresund and enforce payment of the Sound Toll, further entrenching Copenhagen's pre-eminent position in the region.
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