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If there is one housing complex that has come to symbolize the interwar municipal socialism of "Red Vienna", it is the Karl-Marx-Hof , the kilometre-long, peach-and-salmon-coloured "people's palace", whose distinctive giant archways greet you as you exit from Heiligenstadt U-Bahn, in the city's northern suburbs. Though right-wing critics charged that these housing complexes were built as fortresses by the socialists to protect their workers in case of civil war, their fragility was proved on February 12, 1934, when the World War I artillery of the Austro-fascist government reduced much of the Karl-Marx-Hof to rubble in a few hours. It took another four days for the government forces to flush the last defenders out, however. This is only the most famous of the battles of the civil war, which began in Linz, and was fought just as keenly and bloodily in numerous other working-class housing estates in Vienna and other Austrian cities.
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