Chulalongkorn
Mongkut's son, Chulalongkorn , took the throne as Rama V (1868-1910) at the age of only fifteen, but he was well prepared by an excellent education which mixed traditional Thai and modern Western elements - provided by Mrs Anna Leonowens, subject of The King and I. One of his first acts was to scrap the custom by which subjects were required to prostrate themselves in the presence of the king. In the 1880s, he began to restructure the government to meet the country's needs, setting up a host of departments - for education, public health, the army and the like - and bringing in scores of foreign advisors to help with everything from foreign affairs to rail lines. Throughout this period, however, the Western powers maintained their pressure on the region. The most serious threat to Thai sovereignty was the Franco-Siamese Crisis of 1893, which culminated in the French sending gunboats up the Chao Phraya River to Bangkok. Flouting numerous international laws, France claimed control over Laos and made other outrageous demands, which Chulalongkorn had no option but to agree to. During the course of his reign, the country was obliged to cede almost half of its territory, and forewent huge sums of tax revenue in order to preserve its independence; but by Chulalongkorn's death in 1910, the frontiers were fixed as they are today
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